Relationship between weight, age and hatching success and the concentration of heavy metals in nestling blue macaw (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus Latham, 1790) in the Pantanal, Mato Grosso do Sul / Relação entre peso, idade, sucesso de eclosão e concentração de metais pesados em filhotes de arara-azul (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus Latham, 1790) no Pantanal, Mato Grosso do Sul

The concentration of heavy metals (Cr, Fe, Al, As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Mo, Ni, Se and Zn) was evaluated in the blood of nestling blue macaws (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus) captured in the Pantanal, Mato Grosso do Sul (n=26) in 2012; this was based on the hypothesis that these birds exhibit levels of these heavy metals in their organism and that these interfere in hatching success, weight and age of the chicks. Blood samples were digested with nitric acid and hydrochloric acid and the quantification of metals was performed by ICP-OES (Optical Emission Spectroscopy and Inductively Coupled Plasma). Blood samples of nestlings showed concentrations of Cr (0.10μg/g) Fe (3.06μg/g) Al (3.46μg/g), Cd (0.25μg/g) Cu (0.74μg/g), Mo (0.33μg/g), Ni (0.61μg/g), Se (0.98μg/g), and Zn (2.08μg/g). The levels of heavy metals found were not associated with weight, age and hatching success of the chicks.

Avaliou-se a concentração de metais pesados (selênio, zinco, ferro, cobre, molibdênio, níquel, cromo, arsênio, cádmio, chumbo e alumínio) no sangue de filhotes de arara-azul (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus) capturados no Pantanal (n=26) no ano de 2012, partindo da hipótese de que estas aves apresentem níveis desses metais pesados no organismo e que os mesmos tenham relação com o sucesso de eclosão, peso e idade dos filhotes. As amostras de sangue foram digeridas em ácido nítrico e ácido clorídrico e a quantificação dos metais foi realizada por ICP-OES (Espectroscopia e Emissão Óptica por Plasma Indutivamente Acoplado). As amostras de sangue de filhotes de A.hyacinthinusapresentaram concentrações de Cr (0,10μg/g), Fe (3,06μg/g), Al (3,46μg/g), Cd (0,25μg/g), Cu (0,74μg/g), Mo (0,33μg/g), Ni (0,61μg/g), Se (0,98μg/g) e Zn (2,08μg/g). Os níveis de metais pesados encontrados não apresentaram relação com o peso, idade ou sucesso de eclosão.

Environmental Heavy Metal Exposure and Chronic Kidney Disease in the General Population

Lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), and cadmium (Cd) are common heavy metal toxins and cause toxicological renal effects at high levels, but the relevance of low-level environmental exposures in the general population is controversial. A total of 1,797 adults who participated in the KNHANES (a cross-sectional nationally representative survey in Korea) were examined, and 128 of them (7.1%) had chronic kidney disease (CKD). Our study assessed the association between Pb, Hg, Cd exposure, and CKD. Blood Pb and Cd levels were correlated with CKD in univariate logistic regression model. However, these environmental heavy metals were not associated with CKD after adjustment for age, sex, BMI, smoking, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, diabetes, and these metals in multivariate logistic regression models. We stratified the analysis according to hypertension or diabetes. In the adults with hypertension or diabetes, CKD had a significant association with elevated blood Cd after adjustment, but no association was present with blood Pb and Hg. The corresponding odds ratio [OR] of Cd for CKD were 1.52 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05-2.19, P=0.026) in adults with hypertension and 1.92 (95% CI, 1.14-3.25, P=0.014) in adults with diabetes. Environmental low level of Pb, Hg, Cd exposure in the general population was not associated with CKD. However, Cd exposure was associated with CKD, especially in adults with hypertension or diabetes. This finding suggests that environmental low Cd exposure may be a contributor to the risk of CKD in adults with hypertension or diabetes.

The Result of Revision Total Hip Arthroplasty in Patients with Metallosis Following a Catastrophic Failure of a Polyethylene Liner

BACKGROUND: Wear cannot be completely prevented after total hip arthroplasty. If severe polyethylene (PE) liner wear develops, the so-called catastrophic failure occurs and metallosis develops. We postulated that longevity of the new implant may be affected after revision surgery for metallosis following a catastrophic failure of a PE liner due to the substantial amount of PE wear particles and infiltration of the metal particles in this catastrophic condition. METHODS: Twenty-three hips of 23 patients were identified because they showed metallosis during revision total hip arthroplasties performed in Seoul National University Hospital between January 1996 and August 2004. They were followed for at least 6.5 years after the index revision total hip arthroplasty. The clinical and radiological results of revision total hip arthroplasties in these patients were evaluated. RESULTS: The median Harris hip score increased from 60 points before revision total hip arthroplasties to 90 points at the final follow-up. Osteolysis was detected at an average of 9.3 years after revision total hip arthroplasties in 13 hips and acetabular cup loosening at average 9.8 years after revision total hip arthroplasties in 9 hips. With radiographic evidence of osteolysis and loosening as the end points, the 15-year survival rates were 28.2% and 56.0%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The survival rate of revision total hip arthroplasty in patients with metallosis following a catastrophic failure of a PE liner was low.

Adverse Events Associated with Metal Contamination of Traditional Chinese Medicines in Korea: A Clinical Review

This study was performed to review studies carried out in Korea reporting toxic reactions to traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) as a result of heavy metal contamination. PubMed (1966-August 2013) and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1965-August 2013) were searched using the medical subject heading terms of "Medicine, Chinese Traditional," "Medicine, Korean Traditional," "Medicine, Traditional," "Metals, Heavy," and "Drug Contamination". For Korean literature, Korea Med (http://www.koreamed.org), the Korean Medical Database (http://kmbase.medric.or.kr), National Discovery for Science Leaders (www.ndsl.kr), Research Information Sharing Service (http://www.riss.kr), and Google Scholar were searched using the terms "Chinese medicine," "Korean medicine," "herbal medicine," and "metallic contamination" in Korean. Bibliographies of case reports and case series, identified using secondary resources, were also utilized. Only literature describing cases or studies performed in Korea were included. Case reports identified clear issues with heavy metal, particularly lead, contamination of TCMs utilized in Korea. No international standardization guidelines for processing, manufacturing and marketing of herbal products exist. Unacceptably high levels of toxic metals can be present in TCM preparations. Health care providers and patients should be educated on the potential risks associated with TCMs. International advocacy for stricter standardization procedures for production of TCMs is warranted.

Diferencias del sexo y de la edad en el contenido de metales pesados (Cd, Cu, Pb y Zn) en pelos de lobo ibérico (Canis lupus signatus) del Norte de España / Sex and age differences in heavy metals content (Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) in hairs of Iberian wolf (Canis lupus signatus) from the North of Spain

Como consumidor situado en la cumbre de las cadenas alimenticias, el lobo ibérico (Canis lupus signatus) puede sufrir fenómenos de bioacumulación de diferentes contaminantes que se encuentran distribuidos en el medio ambiente. Esto permite pensar en su posible empleo para detectar y evaluar los efectos toxicológicos de xenobióticos diversos como los metales pesados en los ecosistemas terrestres, pudiendo por ello llegar a ser considerado como adecuado biomonitor del medio. Sin embargo, debido a su importancia ecológica, los métodos destructivos no son los más adecuados para dicha determinación toxicológica, de modo que las muestras no destructivas cobran gran importancia como herramienta para dicha biomonitorización. En el presente trabajo se ha determinado la influencia del sexo y de la edad en la concentración de Cd, Cu, Pb y Zn en pelo de lobos procedente del noroeste de España. Las muestras de pelo (n = 158) fueron lavadas y tras ser sometidas a una digestión por vía húmeda, las concentraciones de Cd, Cu, Pb y Zn fueron determinadas mediante Voltamperometría de Disolución Anódica. Con respecto a la variable sexo, las concentraciones más altas de todos los metales pesados estudiados se cuantificaron en el pelo de las hembras, coincidiendo con lo observado por otros autores, lo cual puede estar asociado a las diferencias fisiológicas y a los diferentes hábitos nutricionales. No obstante, sólo se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas para un nivel de significación 0,05 en el caso del cobre, acumulándose más en las hembras que en los machos. Respecto a la variable edad, no se observó un patrón de acumulación de estos metales bien definido. Las concentraciones de Cd y Zn fueron superiores en los individuos cachorros (< 1 año) mientras que las de Cu y Pb resultaron más altas en los jóvenes (entre 1 y 2 años). En todos los casos, los niveles cuantificados pueden ser considerados indicativos de unas concentraciones relativamente bajas, sin relevancia ecotoxicológica y no constituyendo un factor medioambiental serio que pueda afectar a la supervivencia de la población considerada (AU)

As top consumers in food chains, the Iberian wolves (Canis lupus signatus) might experiment bioaccumulation of contaminants which are distributed in the environment, thus offering opportunities to detect and assess the toxicological effects of xenobiotics like the heavy metals on terrestrial ecosystems and to use this species as an adequate bioindicator within the environmental biomonitoring programs. Notwithstanding, destructive methods are not acceptable for those ecotoxicological purposes, thus rendering non-destructive samples as the most important tools for such biomonitoring. At the present study the sex and age influence on Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn concentration in hair of wolves from NW Spain has been determined. Hair samples (n=158) were washed and after wet digestion, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn concentrations were measured by Anodic Stripping Voltammetry. With respect to sex, the highest concentrations of all heavy metals were quantified on female's hair, similarly to that observed by other authors, which could be associated to different physiological characteristics and nutritional habits. Nevertheless, statistically differences with a significant level of 0.05 were only observed in the case of the copper, being higher in female than in males. With respect to age, there was not a well-defined accumulation standard of the studied heavy metals. The Cd and Zn concentrations were higher in wolf cubs (< 1 year), meanwhile the Cu and Pb concentrations were higher in the young ones (between 1 and 2 years). In all cases, the quantified metal amounts could be considered as indicative of low contaminations levels, with no ecotoxicological concern, and not constituting a serious environmental factor affecting the survival of the considered populations (AU)

Toxic effects of mercury, lead and gadolinium on vascular reactivity

Heavy metals have been used in a wide variety of human activities that have significantly increased both professional and environmental exposure. Unfortunately, disasters have highlighted the toxic effects of metals on different organs and systems. Over the last 50 years, the adverse effects of chronic lead, mercury and gadolinium exposure have been underscored. Mercury and lead induce hypertension in humans and animals, affecting endothelial function in addition to their other effects. Increased cardiovascular risk after exposure to metals has been reported, but the underlying mechanisms, mainly for short periods of time and at low concentrations, have not been well explored. The presence of other metals such as gadolinium has raised concerns about contrast-induced nephropathy and, interestingly, despite this negative action, gadolinium has not been defined as a toxic agent. The main actions of these metals, demonstrated in animal and human studies, are an increase of free radical production and oxidative stress and stimulation of angiotensin I-converting enzyme activity, among others. Increased vascular reactivity, highlighted in the present review, resulting from these actions might be an important mechanism underlying increased cardiovascular risk. Finally, the results described in this review suggest that mercury, lead and gadolinium, even at low doses or concentrations, affect vascular reactivity. Acting via the endothelium, by continuous exposure followed by their absorption, they can increase the production of free radicals and of angiotensin II, representing a hazard for cardiovascular function. In addition, the actual reference values, considered to pose no risk, need to be reduced.

Estado del conocimieno de las concentraciones de mercurio y otros metales pesados en peces dulceacuícolas de Colombia / Current State of Knowledge of the Concentration of Mercury and Other Heavy Metals in Fresh Water Fish in Colombia

Una de las problemáticas ambientales más importantes en el país se refiere al uso indiscriminado de precursores químicos en actividades ilícitas, el uso de metales pesados como mercurio en actividades mineras, el vertimiento de aguas servidas y otro tipo de compuestos relacionados con actividades industriales y prácticas agrícolas inadecuadas. Lo anterior, ha llevado a que la contaminación química en especial por metales pesados, constituya una de las más peligrosas para los ecosistemas acuáticos y las especies presentes en ellos. Los peces tienen la capacidad de almacenar en su organismo una concentración mayor de estos compuestos en comparación con la presente en el medio, por lo que son un indicador importante de la contaminación, pero también esto implica que su consumo se puede convertir en un problema de salud para las poblaciones que se alimentan de este recurso. La concentración de metales pesados en peces de agua dulce es conocida de mejor manera en la cuenca del río Magdalena, especialmente en la región de la Mojana y en las ciénagas del sur del departamento de Bolívar donde se han estudiado los niveles de contaminación por mercurio y otros metales producida por el desarrollo de múltiples actividades industriales, entre las cuales sobresalen la minería de oro y la petroquímica. Sin embargo, es escaso el conocimiento que se tiene en el país de la problemática generada por la disposición en los cuerpos de agua de metales pesados y su impacto sobre el recurso íctico, el deterioro de ecosistemas y la salud humana. Con base en las normas vigentes se han realizado bioensayos como criterio para comprobar los efectos de la contaminación acuática con organismos dulceacuícolas y la evaluación de por lo menos tres parámetros (metales pesados, temperatura, efluentes), utilizando ocho especies de peces dulceacuícolas: Carassius auratus, Oreochromis spp., Piractus brachypomus, Prochilodus magdalenae, Astyanax fasciatus, Colossoma bidens, Gambusia affinis...

Psiquiatria ocupacional II: síndromes psiquiátricas orgânicas relacionadas ao trabalho / Occupational psychiatry II: organic psychiatric syndromes due to work

Este artigo é o segundo de uma série sobre psiquiatria ocupacional e apresenta uma breve revisão bibliográfica das síndromes psiquiátricas orgânicas relacionadas ao trabalho nos seus aspectos conceituais, clínicos, diagnósticos, ambientais, fatores relacionados aos riscos ocupacionais e suas repercussões psicossociais e organizacionais, a partir de uma abordagem feita pelo Laboratório de Saúde Mental e Trabalho do Departamento de Psicologia Médica e Psiquiatria da Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (LSMT/DPMP/FCM/UNICAMP).

Utilidad de la línea celular de origen tumoral A-Mel-3 en la evaluación de la citotoxicidad por metales pesados / Utility of A-Mel-3 tumoral cell line on the cytotoxic assessment of heavy metals

Cadmio y mercurio son los metales pesados más tóxicos y todos los seres vivos, incluido el hombre, sufren los efectos de su exposición. Las altas dosis de cadmio y de mercurio determinan alteraciones morfológicas generalmente bien conocidas. Sin embargo, al igual que ocurre con las alteraciones bioquímicas, los cambios ultraestructurales producidos por dosis subletales no están claramente definidos. Este hecho tiene una especial trascendencia ya que los seres vivos están expuestos a dosis bajas de estos metales durante toda la vida, principalmente como consecuencia de su presencia en los alimentos y en el medio ambiente. Por otro lado, la monitorización de los efectos tóxicos in vivo está dejando paso a la realización de estudios mediante técnicas in vitro. Estos estudios, que normalmente se llevan a cabo Sobre tejidos obtenidos de animales sanos, utilizan con frecuencia los análisis ultraestructurales, ya que éstos pueden ayudar a dilucidar los mecanismos de acción de dichos agentes. En el presente estudio hemos analizado los efectos in vitro que dosis subletales de metales pesados (cadmio y mercurio) producen sobre células de la línea de origen tumoral A-Mel-3 con el objetivo de estudiar los efectos de dichas dosis y la utilidad de estas células en este tipo de estudio. Previamente a los experimentos con los metales, se estudiaron las características morfológicas de las células, así como su crecimiento. Mediante el ensayo del Rojo Neutro (RN) se determinó el rango de concentraciones de cada metal con efecto sobre la viabilidad celular. Para el estudio morfológico, las células fueron expuestas a una concentración que producía una reducida pérdida de viabilidad (0-10 por ciento) así como a la, concentración con efecto máximo de cada metal (100 por ciento de pérdida de viabilidad), obtenidas por el ensayo del RN. A altas concentraciones las alteraciones estructurales producidas eran fácilmente visibles. A bajas concentraciones no encontramos alteraciones estructurales, mientras que, a nivel ultraestructural, sí se apreciaron, además de otras alteraciones, hipertrofia y tumefacción de ciertas organelas citoplásmicas (AU)

Distúrbios otoneurológicos relacionados aos agentes químicos - revisäo de literatura de 2 caos de intoxicaçäo por mercúrio / Otoneurological disturbances related to chemical agents - literature review and report of 2 cases of mercury intoxication

Os autores fazem uma revisão de literatura sobre alterações do sistema otoneurológico, decorrente da ação de agentes químicos como solventes e metais pesados, na maioria das ocasiões por exposição no trabalho. Relatam dois casos de intoxicação ocupacional por mercúrio, comentando a importância dos exames complementares para o diagnóstico.